Confounding in Educational Research: A Critical Overview of Research Approaches Investigating Virtual and Augmented Reality

Highlights

(1) Media comparison studies are often confounded because relevant factors of the learning scenario are not considered.

(2) Media comparison studies would be more meaningful if the conditions during investigations were standardized, and additional moderator and mediator variables were incorporated into the experimental design.

(3) Other research approaches, e.g., value added studies, may offer insights relevant to educational practice.